29th Sunday C

                                 29th Sunday in Ordinary Time C

        Readings: Exodus 17:8‑13  2 Timothy 3:14‑4:2  Luke 18:1‑8

As a teacher, I encourage my students to develop consistent study habits so that they will be able to endure the rigors of a course that stretches over a semester or a full year.  Today's readings speak of the same type of perseverance in prayer.  As we struggle to be faithful to our Christian calling, let us pray with hope the words of this Sunday's responsorial psalm:
I lift up my eyes toward the mountains;
whence shall help come to me?    
My help is from the Lord,
who made heaven and earth.  (Ps 121:1‑2)
The Exodus reading depicts both the difficulties of persevering in faithful prayer under trying circumstances and the need for support from others in the faith community.  As the Israelites make their way out of Egypt and through the wilderness toward Mount Sinai, they are attacked by the Amalekites, a fierce tribe of desert nomads.  Israel's survival in this battle does not depend upon superior military strength or strategy, but upon Moses' continuous prayer.  As he sends Joshua into battle, Moses assures him, “I will be standing on the top of the hill with the staff of God in my hand.”  As long as Moses keeps his hands raised in prayer, Israel has the better of the fight, but when he becomes weary and let his hands rest, the Amalekites prevail.   Only with the help of Aaron and Hur, who "supported his hands," is Moses able to continue in prayer so Joshua and his men may defeat the Amalekites.
The Pauline writer’s advice to Timothy in the epistle reading continues the theme of fidelity by charging him to "remain faithful to what you have learned and believed."  The major "source of wisdom" in Timothy's struggle to be faithful is the "sacred Scriptures" which at this point would have been the Old Testament, and possibly Paul's letters and the gospels.  In a famous line later used by St. Thomas Aquinas as a basis for the science of theology, Scripture is described as "inspired of God and useful for teaching‑‑ for reproof, correction and training in holiness so that the person of God may be fully competent and equipped for every good work."  With the help of Scripture's wisdom, Paul charges Timothy to be faithful to his duty as a minister of the gospel: "preach the word, stay with this task whether convenient or inconvenient-- correcting, reproving, appealing‑‑ constantly teaching and never losing patience."
In the Gospel Jesus tells the parable of the widow and the unjust judge for the specific purpose of teaching his disciples "the necessity of praying always and not losing heart."  In the previous section of Luke, Jesus warns his disciples that the  time will come “when you will long to see one of the days of the  Son of Man, but you will not see it” (Lk 17:22).  During the delay before Jesus' return the disciples' fidelity will be tested, like the generations of Noah and Lot.  If they want to save their lives in this time of trial, Jesus' followers must be willing to lose them in loving service (see Lk 17:23‑37).

In this context, the disciples, who will be tempted to lose heart, are to identify with the widow in the parable.  Her situation is doubly perilous.  She has virtually no power in the patriarchal Jewish society, and she is pleading with an "unjust" judge, who "respects neither God nor man."  But she can at least make a nuisance of herself and continually badger the judge until he settles the case in her favor.  This humorous example of  a corrupt judge caving in to the widow's persistent demand for  justice is the basis for an argument from the lesser case to the  greater, a favorite technique in Jesus' parables and in the  teachings of the rabbis.  Jesus reasons that if a corrupt judge finally accedes to a persistent widow's demands, “Will not God then do justice to his chosen who call out to him day and night?   Will he delay long over them, do you suppose?”  He answers his own question by affirming, “I tell you he will give them swift justice.”  Jesus concludes by asking a further question to challenge his disciples: “But when the Son of Man comes, will he find any faith on the earth?”  Only people of faith will have the persistence to "pray always and not lose heart."

                              
                                28th Sunday in Ordinary Time C

         Readings: 2 Kings 5:14‑17  2 Timothy 2:8‑13  Luke 17:11‑19

In today's readings two foreign lepers, Naaman the Syrian and an unnamed Samaritan, thank God for the gift of salvation.   Let us rejoice with them in the words of the responsorial psalm:  "All the ends of the earth have seen the salvation by our God" (Ps 98).
The beautiful story of Naaman and Elisha challenges stereotypes about wisdom, power, and race.  Naaman is a highly esteemed Syrian army commander, but he is afflicted with leprosy. Although Aram (Syria) and Israel are bitter enemies, at the suggestion of his wife's servant girl, Naaman comes to Israel to be healed by “the prophet in Samaria.”  But the king of Aram assumes that Naaman will be cured by the king of Israel and therefore provides his commander with extravagant gifts and a letter of introduction.   When the Israelite king reads the letter requesting a cure, he acknowledges his powerlessness in these matters by lamenting, “Am I a god with power over life and death, that this man should send someone to me to be cured of leprosy.”  Elisha then sends word to the king: “Let him come to me and find out that there is a prophet in Israel.”
At first Naaman is offended by the simplicity of Elisha's instructions to plunge seven times into the Jordan river.  “I  thought that he would surely come out and stand there to invoke  the Lord his God, and would move his hand over the spot, and thus cure the leprosy.”  He also denigrates the modest waters of the Jordan in comparison with the mighty rivers of Syria. Despite his reservations, a servant convinces Naaman to do as the prophet has commanded.
Once he has been cured, Naaman is overwhelmed with gratitude and courageously converts to belief in the God of Israel.  He offers a gift to Elisha, the prophet, who refuses it because he has only been fulfilling his duty.  Although Naaman will have to return to his native country and enter the temple of the god of Aram, he asks the prophet for two mule‑loads of earth from Israel so that he may build an altar upon it and continue to offer sacrifice only to the Lord the God of Israel.   Impressed by this foreigner's courageous faith, Elisha dismisses him with the words, “Go in peace.”
The Epistle reading instructs Timothy that he must bear his share of the hardships which come from preaching the gospel.   The Pauline author admonishes him to "remember" that the heart of the gospel is that "Jesus Christ was raised from the dead."  Therefore, any suffering, including Paul's imprisonment in "chains" as a criminal, is to be endured with the confidence that "there is no chaining the word of God."  Using a baptismal hymn, the author ensures Timothy of the reliability of his faith.
You can depend on this:
If we have died with him,
                        we shall also live with him;
If we hold out to the end,
                        we shall also reign with him.
                        But if we deny him, he will deny us.

If we are unfaithful, he will still remain faithful;
for he cannot deny himself.  (2 Tim 2:11‑13)
To appreciate the shocking nature of the Gospel story, we have to recall the traditional hatred between Jews and Samaritans as was illustrated at the beginning of Jesus' journey to Jerusalem in Luke when the Samaritans refused to receive Jesus and his disciples into their village because he was going to Jerusalem.   On that occasion the disciples asked Jesus to retaliate with the words, “Lord, do you want us to call down fire from heaven to consume them?” But Jesus rebuked them for their hatred and moved on to another village.  Now as Jesus draws near to Jerusalem, only a Samaritan, among the ten lepers Jesus cleansed, returns to give thanks.  Like the famous character of the "Good Samaritan" in Jesus' parable (see Lk 10:29‑37) who exemplifies true love of neighbor, this real Samaritan illustrates the appropriate response to God's merciful action.  Luke skillfully conceals his identity until he has described his grateful actions. 
One of them, realizing that he had been cured,
came back praising God in a loud voice.  He threw
himself on his face at the feet of Jesus and
spoke his praises.  This man was a Samaritan.
Let us resolve to imitate the Samaritan by being grateful for God's saving action in our own lives.
Jesus took the occasion to say, "Were not all ten made whole?
Where are the other nine? Was there no one to return and give
thanks to God except this foreigner?"  Jesus said to the man,
"Stand up and go your way; your faith has been your salvation."

                                 27th Sunday in Ordinary Time C

           Readings: Habakkuk 1:2‑3; 2:2‑4  2 Timothy 1:6‑8,13‑14 
                                             Luke    17:5‑10

Faith is more than an intellectual assent to an abstract creedal formula having nothing to do with daily struggles in life.  Today's readings plunge us into life's suffering and mystery where faith involves perseverance in struggling for God's justice.  As we actively wait in hope for the completion of God's kingdom, let us hearken to the call of the responsorial psalm:  "If today you hear his voice, harden not your hearts" (Ps 95).
Habakkuk's prophecy comes from the period when idolatry and political corruption engulfed Judah, immediately prior to the destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon.  In the midst of this moral chaos, the prophet repeatedly cries out to God about the "violence," "ruin," "misery," "destruction," "strife," and "clamorous discord" that surround him.  He accuses God of being indifferent to the corruption of the nation and the apparent triumph of injustice.  "How long, O Lord?  I cry for help/ but you do not listen!"
God then challenges Habbakuk to do two things.  First of all, he must "write down the vision" about the triumph of God's justice.  Habakkuk must do this ahead of time "so that one can read it readily."  Then, God assures him that the vision is trustworthy.  "For the vision still has its time,/ presses on to  fulfillment, and will not disappoint."  Secondly, the prophet himself, along with the community, will have to wait for the fulfillment of the vision.  This time of waiting will sort out the foolish from the wise, the "rash" from the faithful.
If it delays, wait for it,
It will surely come, it will not be late.
The rash man has no integrity;
but the just man, because of his faith, shall live. (Hab 2:3‑4)
If one is tempted to think of faith as a passive virtue, the reading from 2 Timothy completely dispels this notion.  Timothy is a second or third generation Christian.  His faith came from his grandmother, Lois, and his mother, Eunice (see 2 Tim 1:5).  Now the Pauline author exhorts him "to stir into flame the gift God bestowed when my hands were laid on you."   Timothy's faith will have to be courageous and steadfast.  He is reminded, "The Spirit God has given us is no cowardly spirit, but rather one that makes us strong, loving and wise."  Timothy, like Jesus and Paul, may suffer persecution for the faith.  But he is warned: "never be ashamed of your testimony to our Lord, nor of me, a prisoner for his sake; but with the strength which comes from God bear your share of the hardship which the gospel entails."
The gospel also presents faith as a virtue for the active living of the Christian life.  In the previous section of Luke Jesus warns the disciples about the dangers of temptations to sin and the need to forgive a repentant brother who has sinned against them as many as seven times (Lk 17:1‑4).  Faced with these demands, the apostles beseech the Lord, “Increase our faith.”   Jesus replies by saying, “If you had faith the size of a mustard seed, you could say to this sycamore, ‘Be uprooted and transplanted into the sea,’ and it would obey you.”

In the following parable of the master and the slave, Jesus then warns the disciples against understanding faith as a kind of meritorious claim on God for a reward.  Drawing upon the well‑known duties of the slave, Jesus reminds his followers, who may have done their duty by living lives of faith, that they should not expect an earthly reward, any more than a slave would expect his master to serve him supper after he has done his work in the field.  Rather, after they have done all they have been commanded to do, Jesus' disciples should say, "We are useless servants.  We have done no more than our duty."  True faith leads to continuous service, not shrewd calculation of rewards due for past actions.

26th Sunday C

 

                                26th Sunday in Ordinary Time C       
          Readings: Amos 6:1,4‑7  1 Timothy 6:11‑16  Luke 16:19‑31

       This Sunday's readings continue last week's warnings about the impossibility of serving God and money by exposing how those who accumulate wealth and luxury become indifferent to God.  As we reject decadent materialism, let us embrace the path of true happiness offered by our responsorial psalm.  "Happy the one who keeps faith forever,/ secures justice for the oppressed,/ gives  food to the hungry" (Ps 146:7).
Amos' warning to the idle rich details the excesses of their lives.  They recline on "beds of ivory," eat rich diets of lamb and stall‑fed calves in a country traditionally poor in meat, enjoy lavish musical entertainment, drink "wine from bowls," and "anoint themselves with the best oils."  All of this luxury only dulls their consciences so that "they are not made ill by the collapse of Joseph!"  Fittingly, the pampered wealthy "shall be the first to go into exile,/ and their wanton revelry  shall be done away with."
The reading from1 Timothy is preceded and followed by warnings against false teachers "who value religion only as a means of personal gain" (see 1 Tim 6:6‑10, 17‑19).  Instead of pursuing transient wealth, the Pauline author exhorts Timothy to "seek after integrity, piety, faith, love, steadfastness, and a gentle spirit": virtues of "everlasting life" to which Christians are called by their baptism.  The model for fulfilling one's baptismal commitment is Jesus himself "who in bearing witness made his noble profession before Pontius Pilate."  As Timothy strives "to keep God's command without blame or reproach until our Lord Jesus Christ shall appear," he should remember that God will bring this appearance to pass and that he alone is the immortal ruler of the universe.
Jesus' parable contrasts the status of “a rich man” and “a beggar named Lazarus” in this life and the next.  In this world the rich man “dressed in purple and linen and feasted splendidly every day,” while Lazarus who lay at the rich man’s gate “was covered  with sores” that were “licked by dogs” and “longed to eat the  scraps that fell from the rich man's table.”  But at death their fates are reversed.  Lazarus is “carried by angels to the bosom of Abraham,” and the rich man is sent to “the abode of the dead where he was in torment.”
The point of the parable comes in the concluding dialogue between the rich man and Abraham.  The rich man learns the reason for his punishment.  At first, he thinks that he, as a son of Abraham and an acquaintance of Lazarus (see Lk 3:8‑9), can remedy his situation.  He asks:
`Father Abraham, have pity on me.  Send Lazarus to
dip the tip of his finger in water to refresh my
                        tongue, for I am tortured in these flames.'
Abraham's answer not only points out the reversal of fate between the two men, but also the irreversible ‘great abyss’ which separates those who were once near to each other in this life.
‘My child . . . remember that you were well off in your
                        lifetime, while Lazarus was in misery.  Now he has
                        found consolation here, but you have found torment.

And that is not all.  Between you and us there is fixed
a great abyss, so that those who might wish to cross
from here to you cannot do so, nor can anyone cross
from your side to us.’
If there was to be any interaction between the rich man and Lazarus, it had to take place in their earthly lives when the rich man could have cared for the needy beggar who "lay at his gate."
The rich man then asks Abraham to send Lazarus to warn his five brothers, but Abraham insists that they have the warnings of Moses and the prophets, as found, for example, in our first reading from Amos.  If his brothers will not listen to the teachings of Moses and the prophets, even Jesus' resurrection from the dead will not convince them (see Lk 3:7‑14; 16:16‑17;  24:25‑45).

25th Sunday C

                                  25th Sunday in Ordinary Time C

                   Readings: Amos 8:4‑7  1 Tim 2:1‑8 Luke 16:1‑13

In today's readings Amos and Jesus remind us that we cannot serve both God and money.  Rather than vindicating worldly affluence and power, the God of Amos and Jesus rejects greed and the oppression of the poor.  Let us pray in the words of this Sunday's responsorial psalm:
Praise the Lord who lifts up the poor.
He raises up the lowly from the dust;
from the dunghill he lifts up the poor
to seat them with princes,
with the princes of his own people.  (Ps 113:7‑8)
In God’s name, Amos threatens the greedy merchants who "trample upon the needy and destroy the poor of the land."  During their new moons and Sabbaths, mandated days of rest, these hypocrites calculate how long they must wait to resume their exploitation of the lowly.  Their plans to “diminish the ephah,” “add to the shekel,” and “fix . . . scales for cheating” are in direct violation of Israel's ancient laws in Deuteronomy.
You shall not keep two differing weights in your bag,
one large and the other small;
nor shall you keep two different measures in your house,
one large and the other small.
But use a true and just weight, and a true and just measure,
that you may have a long life on the land
which the Lord, your God is giving you.
Everyone who is dishonest in these matters is
an abomination to the Lord.  (Deut 25:13‑16)
Amos simply has the courage to announce the Lord's inevitable judgment against such violations of the covenant.
The Lord has sworn by the pride of Jacob:
“Never will I forget a thing they have done!”  (Amos 8:7)
1 Timothy warns us not to extend Amos' strident judgment to all persons in power.  Christians, although a religious minority in the Roman Empire, are instructed to offer intercession for all "especially for kings and those in authority."  Their maintenance of public order will enable Christians "to lead undisturbed and tranquil lives in perfect piety and dignity."  The necessity of such prayer is rooted in God's desire for universal salvation and knowledge of the truth:
God is one.  One also is the mediator between God and men,
the man Christ Jesus, who gave himself as a ransom for all.

In Gospel Jesus uses the shocking story of a dishonest steward to warn his disciples that they cannot serve both God and money.  Although we may find the steward's financial dealings devious, the parable forces us to identify with him when he is accused of “dissipating” (maybe simply mismanaging) the rich man's property.  When asked to render an account of his service, the steward realistically assesses his bleak situation in a soliloquy, a favorite technique in the Lukan parables (see Lk  12:17‑19; 15:17‑19; 18:4‑5).
‘What shall I do next?  My employer is sure to dismiss me.
I cannot dig ditches.  I am ashamed to go begging.
I have it!  Here is a way to make sure that people will take me
into their homes when I am let go.’
Scholars debate the exact nature of steward's arrangement with his master's debtors.  Is his reduction of their debts simply cheating his master?  Or, is he getting even with the master by canceling the usurious interest charged on his loans?  Finally, some have suggested that the steward waives the commission that would have been his for negotiating the master's business.  In any case, the steward, when faced with a desperate situation, acts "prudently," and even his master has to commend him for being enterprising.
Jesus draws several lessons from this parable by contrasting and comparing the steward's worldly behavior in connection with the ephemeral goods of this age to the disciples' other‑worldly concerns with lasting goods.  First of all, he praises the steward's shrewdness and suggests that the disciples should pursue the kingdom with such decisiveness and initiative.  “The people of this world are more prudent in dealing with their own kind than are the people of the light.”  Three general morals follow; all are concerned with the disciples' use of and attitude toward money.  First, worldly wealth will fail; therefore it should be used to win heavenly allies who will receive you into eternal habitations.  Second, one who has not been trustworthy in handling paltry material wealth will not receive heavenly treasure.  Finally, humans are servants who must choose their master: God or mammon.  Enslavement to money precludes God from one's life.

24th Sunday year C

                             

                              24th Sunday in Ordinary Time C
  Readings: Exodus 32:7‑11,13‑14  1 Timothy 1:12‑17  Luke 15:1‑32

    In the trial scene of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice Portia describes mercy in the following way:
The quality of mercy is not strained.
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath.  It is twice blest:
It blesseth him that gives and him that takes. . . .
It is an attribute of God himself;
And earthly power doth then show likest God's
When mercy seasons justice. . . .
Today's readings proclaim the rich blessings and the joyful demands of God's abundant mercy.  Let us avail ourselves of this most God‑like gift as we sing the refrain for this Sunday's responsorial psalm (Ps 51): "I will rise and go to my Father."
In the Exodus reading the Israelites have provoked the Lord's wrath by making the golden calf, and so he angrily announces to Moses that he will destroy this “depraved” and “stiff‑necked” people and then make of Moses himself “a great nation.”  In his threat the Lord refers to Israel as “your (Moses') people, whom you brought out of the land of Egypt.”  But Moses dares to remind the Lord that Israel is his (the Lord’s) “own people.”
"Why, O Lord, should your wrath blaze up against
your own people, whom you brought out of the land
of Egypt with such great power and with so strong a hand?"
Moses then recalls the Lord's solemn covenant promises made to the patriarchs.
“Remember your servants Abraham, Isaac and Israel,
and how you swore to them by your own self, saying,
‘I will make your descendants as numerous as the stars
in the sky; and all this land that I promised, I will
give your descendants as their perpetual heritage.'"
When confronted with his own saving actions and promises, the Lord's fidelity and mercy triumph over his wrath.  We are told:  "So the Lord relented in the punishment he had threatened to inflict on his people."
For the next seven weeks, the second reading will be from the Pastoral Epistles, I and II Timothy.  Most scholars agree  that they are written in Paul's name in an attempt to maintain  correct doctrine against threats from false teachers who "concern themselves with myths and endless genealogies, which promote  speculations rather than the plan of God that is to be received  by faith" (1 Tim 1:4).  In contrast to this "gnostic" emphasis on speculation, 1Timothy insists that Christianity involves an ethical life of practical love and service. The foremost example of Christian service should be the minister of the gospel.

In today's reading the author uses Paul's own experience of God's mercy as an example "to those who would later have faith in (God)." The opening thanksgiving humbly acknowledges Paul’s past failings as "a blasphemer, a persecutor, a man filled with arrogance." If God through Christ Jesus could treat Paul, "the worst" of sinners, with mercy, then, the author reasons, "You can depend on this as worthy of full acceptance: Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners."   The reading ends with a praise of God for his mercy.
Luke's three parables‑‑ the Lost Sheep, the Lost Coin, and the Prodigal Son‑‑ celebrate the twin blessings of God's mercy.   Those who are lost‑‑ like the stray sheep, the misplaced coin, or the prodigal son‑‑ are assured of God's forgiving mercy.  Those who have dutifully served God, like the elder son, are invited to share in God's nature by showing mercy.  Jesus uses these parables both to defend his joyful table fellowship with "tax collectors and sinners" and also to challenge the self righteous Pharisees and scribes, who are murmuring, “this man welcomes sinners and eats with them.”
The conclusion of each parable is an invitation to joyfully celebrate finding that which was lost, that is, the return of repentant sinners. When the shepherd arrives home, "he invites friends and neighbors in and says to them, ‘Rejoice with me because I have found my lost sheep.'"  When the woman finds her lost coin, "she calls in her friends and neighbors to say, ‘Rejoice with me!  I have found the silver piece I lost.'"   When the father comes out to his jealous elder son, he insists, "we had to celebrate and rejoice!  This brother of yours was dead, and has come back to life.  He was lost, and is found."
Jesus leaves these parables open ended.  We are not told if the elder son chose to join the festivities.  We have to hear the parable's call and complete it for ourselves.  Perhaps the greatest challenge Jesus offers us is the invitation to rejoice in God's forgiving love for others.

23rd Sunday Year C

                             

    
                                 23rd Sunday in Ordinary Time C

    Readings: Wisdom 9:13‑18  Philemon 9‑10,12‑17   Luke 14:25‑33

Our capitalist culture advocates elaborate financial planning with the promise that the right "package" will guarantee us future security.  Today's readings debase all such human calculations and offer in their stead a wisdom which challenges us to be prepared to renounce all distractions for the sake of following Jesus.   Let us pray to the Lord for this wisdom in the words of the psalm: "Teach us to number our days aright/ that we may gain wisdom of heart" (Ps 90:12).
The first reading from the Book of Wisdom puts on Solomon's lips a prayer for the gift of wisdom to govern the people of Israel.  This section contrasts the limited perspective of humans with God's mysterious plans.  "For who knows God's counsel,/ or  who can conceive what the Lord intends?" (Wis 9:13).  We who are burdened with a "corruptible body" can scarcely "guess the things on earth," to say nothing of searching out "things in heaven."   But all is not hopeless.  God gives the gift of wisdom and sends the "holy spirit from on high" to those humble enough to ask for it.  When we have this wisdom, our path on earth is "made straight."
In his moving letter to Philemon Paul is asking that Philemon receive Onesimus, his runaway slave whom Paul converted in prison, as a full brother in Christ.  Paul's petition is filled with passionate language designed to move Philemon to accede to this request and possibly even allow Onesimus to return to Paul in prison.  He describes Onesimus as "my child whom I have begotten during my imprisonment" and reminds Philemon: "I am sending my heart!"  Paul was so fond of Onesimus that he considered keeping him to serve his needs in prison, but then he decided to return him to Philemon "so that kindness might not be forced on you but freely bestowed."  Paul goes on to suggest that Onesimus was separated from Philemon for the purpose "that you might possess him forever, no longer as a slave but as more than a slave, a beloved brother . . ."   In the Christian community the deep social division between slave and master has been obliterated so that Paul can conclude by telling Philemon, "If  then you regard me as a partner (in the gospel), welcome him as  you would me."
In the Gospel Luke presents sayings of Jesus which challenge "a great crowd" to steadfast discipleship.  Following Jesus must be more important than family, self, or possessions.  The twin parables of the tower builder and the king contemplating a battle emphasize wise planning. In worldly affairs, people weigh the costs before a serious undertaking because they do not want to appear foolish when they are not able to complete it.  No man wants to begin building a tower only to run out of money and become a laughing stock "because he began to build what he could not finish."  A king going to battle considers if his forces are adequate, and if not, sues for peace "while the enemy is still at a distance."   Likewise, Jesus' would be disciples must realize that in face of persecution and worldly allurements the cost of discipleship is very high.  Worldly attachments must be jettisoned.  Jesus concludes by saying, "Likewise, none of you can be my disciple if he does not renounce all his possessions."